Publications
Hybrid Intelligence-Driven Nanopolymeric Sensor for Precise Electrochemical Vitamin C Analysis,
Free from LoD: Application in Real Lemon Juice
This study presents the design, synthesis, and systematic evaluation of an electrochemical nanosensor platform tailored for the precise and selective quantification of vitamin C. The sensor architecture integrates His-functionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (His-pHEG) polymeric nanoparticles onto Nafion-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), thereby providing a bioactive interface with enhanced analyte affinity and stability. The His-pHEG nanoparticles were synthesized via emulsion polymerization and covalently grafted with l-histidine, as confirmed by FTIR, SEM, and zeta potential analyses. This functionalization endowed the nanoparticles with enhanced affinity and high selectivity toward vitamin C molecules, while ensuring colloidal stability and uniform morphology. Sensor fabrication parameters, including Nafion film thickness and polymer concentration, were systematically optimized to maximize electrochemical performance. The resulting His-pHEG/Nafion-modified SPCE demonstrated superior analytical characteristics, achieving a low limit of detection and a broad linear dynamic range, as determined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry measurements. To overcome the fundamental limitations of conventional calibration-based electrochemical methods, such as nonlinearity and variability, a two-stage hybrid machine learning framework, specifically tailored to the inherent nature of the sensor data, was developed and integrated into the sensing workflow. The two-stage model utilized CatBoost classification to distinguish analyte presence, followed by CatBoost regression to estimate vitamin C concentration, with hyperparameter optimization ensuring robustness and predictive accuracy. Real-sample validation using lemon juice confirmed the sensor’s high recovery rates and practical applicability, demonstrating reliable performance in complex matrices. This multidisciplinary approach bridges polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, electrochemical sensing, and artificial intelligence to deliver a portable, cost-effective, and highly sensitive vitamin C detection system. Future efforts will focus on translating this platform into mobile-based, real-time analytical devices, enabling on-site applications in food quality control, healthcare, and pharmaceutical industries.
Green Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization,
Properties and Biomedical Applications
Carbon dots (CDs) are a new category of crystalline, quasi-spherical fluorescence, “zero-dimensional” carbon nanomaterials with a spatial size between 1 nm to 10 nm and have gained widespread attention in recent years. Green CDs are carbon dots synthesised from renewable biomass such as agro-waste, plants or medicinal plants and other organic biomaterials. Plant-mediated synthesis of CDs is a green chemistry approach that connects nanotechnology with the green synthesis of CDs. Notably, CDs made with green technology are economical and far superior to those manufactured with physicochemical methods due to their exclusive benefits, such as being affordable, having high stability, having a simple protocol, and being safer and eco-benign. Green CDs can be synthesized by using ultrasonic strategy, chemical oxidation, carbonization, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes, and microwave irradiation using various plant-based organic resources. CDs made by green technology have diverse applications in biomedical fields such as bioimaging, biosensing and nanomedicine, which are ascribed to their unique properties, including excellent luminescence effect, strong stability and good biocompatibility. This review mainly focuses on green CDs synthesis, characterization techniques, beneficial properties of plant resource-based green CDs and their biomedical applications. This review article also looks at the research gaps and future research directions for the continuous deepening of the exploration of green CDs.